{"id":104890,"date":"2024-10-28T11:16:12","date_gmt":"2024-10-28T10:16:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/?p=104890"},"modified":"2024-11-05T14:30:42","modified_gmt":"2024-11-05T13:30:42","slug":"policy-changes-of-x-under-musk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/en\/policy-changes-of-x-under-musk\/","title":{"rendered":"Two years after the takeover: Four key policy changes of X under Musk"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Since controversial businessman and investor Elon Musk took over X (formerly Twitter) in October 2022, the platform has implemented a range of policy changes. Some changes, such as the removal of a rule against the misgendering of trans people have made headlines, while others have gone largely unnoticed. What overall direction has X\u2019s rulebook taken? And how have the platform\u2019s policies on hate speech, misinformation and child abuse evolved? This blog post charts out of four central developments within the platform\u2019s complex web of policies.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Policy shifts since Musk\u2019s acquisition<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Much has been written about the transformation of the platform previously known as Twitter since Elon Musk announced that \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/elonmusk\/status\/1585841080431321088\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the bird is freed<\/a>\u201d on 28 October 2022. With regard to<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/en\/twitter-policies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> the complex web of policies<\/a> that Twitter had developed over its 16-year-existence, his acquisition sparked concerns about a potential rollback of content moderation on issues such as hate speech and misinformation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This blog post provides an overview of four key developments in X\u2019s<a href=\"https:\/\/help.x.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> <em>Rules and policies<\/em><\/a> since Musk has taken control of the platform. The analysis is based on the<a href=\"https:\/\/www.platformgovernancearchive.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> Platform Governance Archive<\/a>, which enables the continuous tracking of the historical evolution of X\u2019s policies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Stepping back from misinformation policies<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The most pronounced changes in X\u2019s policies have concerned misinformation. Since Musk\u2019s takeover, X has removed its policies on<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221028023526\/https:\/help.twitter.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/crisis-misinformation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> <em>Crisis misinformation<\/em><\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221108160726\/https:\/help.twitter.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/medical-misinformation-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> <em>COVID-19 misleading information<\/em><\/a>, and<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221028023556\/https:\/help.twitter.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/election-integrity-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> misinformation about election outcomes<\/a>, as well as the concept of \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221028023618\/https:\/help.twitter.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/coordinated-harmful-activity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">informational harm<\/a>\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221028023526\/https:\/help.twitter.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/crisis-misinformation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong><em>Crisis Information<\/em><\/strong><\/a>: X no longer addresses \u201cfalse or misleading information that could bring harm to crisis-affected populations (\u2026) such as in situations of armed conflict, public health emergencies, and large-scale natural disasters\u201d as part of its corporate policies.&nbsp; This included cases such as false allegations of war crimes or false reporting about the conditions on the ground in an armed conflict, if they had the potential to bring serious harm on people.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221108160726\/https:\/help.twitter.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/medical-misinformation-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong><em>COVID-19 misleading information<\/em><\/strong><\/a>: X removed former policies targeting \u201cdemonstrably false or misleading information about COVID-19 (\u2026) which may lead to harm.\u201d The policy previously aimed to curb harmful misinformation and false claims about the virus, vaccines, and treatments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221028023556\/https:\/help.twitter.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/election-integrity-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Civic integrity policy<\/a><\/em><\/strong>: The platform has eliminated provisions prohibiting misleading information about election results. They previously banned posts containing claims like \u201cunverified information about election rigging\u201d or \u201cclaiming victory before election results have been certified.\u201d&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Informational harm<\/strong>: Along with its <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221028023618\/https:\/help.twitter.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/coordinated-harmful-activity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>policy on coordinated harmful activity<\/em><\/a>, X discarded this type of harm from its rules and regulations. Previously it was defined by Twitter as negatively impacting an individual\u2019s ability to access essential information for exercising their rights. It also covered information that \u201csignificantly disrupts the stability and\/or safety of a social group or society\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Through these changes, X under Musk has stepped back from addressing different domains of misinformation on issues, such as election outcomes, medical crises and international conflicts. In doing so, the company has abandoned the \u201carbiter of truth\u201d role which Twitter had assumed with regard to these issues and the arguably vague definition of \u201cinformational harm\u201d.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2.&nbsp;Expansion of child abuse policies<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>One area where X has extended its rules and regulations is the physical and sexual abuse of children. Previously, Twitter\u2019s<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221108160744\/https:\/help.twitter.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/sexual-exploitation-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> <em>child sexual exploitation policy<\/em><\/a><em> <\/em>only covered cases of sexual child abuse. Now, X\u2019s new policy on<a href=\"https:\/\/help.x.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/child-safety\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> <em>child safety<\/em><\/a> also addresses the physical abuse of children.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Media depicting physical child abuse<\/strong>: X has broadened its policy to cover most instances of physical child abuse, aiming to prevent revictimization and the normalization of violence against children.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Media of minors in physical altercation<\/strong>: This new category of the platform may require the removal or restrict the reach of content showing minors in physical fights, depending on the context.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Removal of Exceptions:<\/strong> The updated policy also removed an exception for \u201cdepictions of nude minors in a non-sexualized context\u201d. It previously allowed non-sexualized depictions of nude minors in scientific, educational, or artistic contexts, which had been protected from removal.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The tightening of X\u2019s provisions on child abuse has been accompanied by<a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/Safety\/status\/1700253217504862340\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> communications from the company<\/a> about their strengthening and the increasing use of automated detection technologies. According to the platform, these measures have resulted in a steep increase in <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/Safety\/status\/1620908367412707328\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">account suspensions<\/a> related to the sexual exploitation of children.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Mixed changes in hate and violent speech policies<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>With regard to hate speech and violent threats, the changes to X\u2019s policies have given a more mixed picture. While protections against misgendering and deadnaming have been reduced, other provisions on violent speech have been extended.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Misgendering and deadnaming<\/strong>: One change, <a href=\"https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2023\/04\/18\/twitter-removed-deadnaming-misgendering-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">widely covered by the media<\/a>,&nbsp; is the platform\u2019s removal of a passage which specifically prohibited the \u201cmisgendering or deadnaming of transgender individuals\u201d from its <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221027050349\/https:\/\/help.twitter.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/hateful-conduct-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>policy on hateful conduct<\/em><\/a>. X also removed a sentence which listed \u201cwomen, people of color, and LGBTQ+ individuals\u201d as examples of groups which are disproportionately targeted with online abuse from the introductory paragraph of the policy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Retention of core prohibitions: <\/strong>The overarching provision which prohibits \u201cto attack people on the basis of race, ethnicity, national origin, caste, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, religious affiliation, age, disability, or serious disease\u201d, however, remains intact. X furthermore introduced a new provision on the \u201cthe Use of Prior Names and Pronouns\u201d to its policy on<a href=\"https:\/\/help.x.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/abusive-behavior\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> <em>abuse and harassment<\/em><\/a><em>. <\/em>It<em> <\/em>states that \u201cWhere required by local laws, we will reduce the visibility of posts that purposefully use different pronouns to address someone other than what that person uses for themselves\u201d. However, Musk himself has&nbsp; pointed to the involuntary nature of this change by pointing out that \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/elonmusk\/status\/1763956635439972402\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Turns out this was due to a court judgment in Brazil, which is being appealed, but should not apply outside of Brazil<\/a>\u201c.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Expansion of<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/help.x.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/violent-content#:~:text=Violent%20Threats%3A%20Threats%20to%20inflict,assault%2C%20or%20otherwise%20hurt%20someone.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong> <em>violent threats<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong><em> <\/em>policies: <\/strong>X has expanded its approach to handling violent threats. Previously, Twitter\u2019s policy only prohibited \u201cstatements to inflict serious physical harm\u201d on others. Now, X\u2019s policy covers all threats and not just those causing serious physical harm. Additionally, the policy has been extended to include threats aimed at damaging civilian homes or critical infrastructure through \u201cphysical violence and\/or violent rhetoric.\u201d&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Update to provisions on<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/help.x.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/violent-content#:~:text=Violent%20Threats%3A%20Threats%20to%20inflict,assault%2C%20or%20otherwise%20hurt%20someone.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong> <em>violent content<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong><em>: <\/em><\/strong>X\u2019s policies on violent content were further revised to include new guidelines addressing the use of \u201ccoded language (often called \u201cdog whistles\u201d) to indirectly incite violence\u201d. Additionally, the platform removed an exception from its policy on the<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221027050357\/https:\/help.twitter.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/perpetrators-of-violent-attacks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> <em>perpetrators of violent attacks<\/em><\/a>. It previously exempted individuals and content related to \u201cviolent resistance against those actively participating in hostilities in an armed conflict\u201d from enforcement under this policy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>These changes indicate that, although X has reduced protections against misgendering and deadnaming, other policies related to hateful and violent speech have been strengthened.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. Softer sanctions for policy violations&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Although X\u2019s definitions of permitted and prohibited content have remained largely consistent across many policy areas, the consequences for violations have shifted significantly. Instead of focusing on content removal and account suspensions, the company has moved towards softer measures, like limiting the visibility of problematic content and profiles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/help.x.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/election-integrity-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong><em>Civic integrity policy<\/em><\/strong><\/a>:&nbsp; X\u2019s civic integrity policy provides a clear example of this shift. Before Musk\u2019s takeover, the platform used a strike system that included measures like labeling content, limiting visibility, removing posts, and suspending accounts. Accumulating more than five policy violations led to a permanent suspension from the platform.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Freedom of Speech, Not Freedom of Reach<\/strong>: As of now, X primarily imposes reach restrictions for policy violations, such as excluding posts and profiles from search results and recommendations or adding informative labels. This aligns with X\u2019s \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.x.com\/en_us\/topics\/product\/2023\/freedom-of-speech-not-reach-an-update-on-our-enforcement-philosophy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Freedom of Speech, Not Freedom of Reach<\/a>\u201d philosophy, which limits account suspensions and permanent bans to \u201csevere violations\u201d like illegal activities, violent threats, targeted harassment, privacy violations, and platform manipulation or spam.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What to make of X\u2019s policy transformation?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>An analysis of these four developments within X\u2019s policies reveals that their transformation cannot be seen as a simple rollback of content moderation. Rather than eliminating all previous rules, the platform\u2019s policies have been selectively removed, expanded, or restructured. However, there has been a noticeable shift towards softer sanctions across different policy areas.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nonetheless, policies represent only one aspect of X\u2019s transformation. Changes to the platform\u2019s functionalities, algorithmic operations and overall culture are other important factors to consider. Musk\u2019s very outspoken political agenda and his self-proclaimed crusade against the \u201cwoke mind virus\u201d, raises concerns about how the richest man in the world is using his power to influence which voices are suppressed and amplified on the platform.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ultimately, X\u2019s extensive and evolving rulebook remains a focal point in the ongoing debate over how social media platforms should govern digital communications and interactions, making it a rich subject for future research.<\/p>\n<div class=\"shariff shariff-align-flex-start shariff-widget-align-flex-start\"><ul class=\"shariff-buttons theme-round orientation-horizontal buttonsize-medium\"><li class=\"shariff-button linkedin shariff-nocustomcolor\" style=\"background-color:#1488bf\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/sharing\/share-offsite\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiig.de%2Fen%2Fpolicy-changes-of-x-under-musk%2F\" title=\"Share on LinkedIn\" aria-label=\"Share on LinkedIn\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" class=\"shariff-link\" style=\"; 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