{"id":100653,"date":"2024-04-23T16:04:03","date_gmt":"2024-04-23T14:04:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/?p=100653"},"modified":"2025-03-17T17:10:49","modified_gmt":"2025-03-17T16:10:49","slug":"honey-we-need-to-talk-about-the-future","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/en\/honey-we-need-to-talk-about-the-future\/","title":{"rendered":"Honey, we need to talk about the future"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>In a world balancing between crisis and transformation, we need to infuse public dialogue with new visions of the future. Using (critical) futures studies and futures literacy, we can challenge the status quo and invite a diversity of voices to imagine and redefine what lies ahead. Beyond academia, this is a call to action to see the future as a canvas for imagination that requires collective effort. The \u2018Making Sense of the Future\u2019 toolkit, based on futures studies methods, provides an introductory pathway to <em>futures thinking. <\/em>This blog post explains the theoretical underpinning on which the toolkit is centred and briefly outlines its practical exercises.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Images of \u201cthe future\u201d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Amidst a multiplicity of crises and challenges \u2014 ranging from pandemics and escalating inequality to climate emergencies and digital transformation \u2013 we have entered an <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdfdirect\/10.1111\/joms.12709\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">era of unparalleled uncertainty<\/a>. The once-optimistic projections of a future of prosperity, sustainability, and the absence of war and poverty promised by the <a href=\"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/books\/book\/2679\/The-Digital-SublimeMyth-Power-and-Cyberspace\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">narrative of scientific progress <\/a>and <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/tosaveeverything0000moro\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">technological salvation are fading<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From pop culture to politics, the concept of &#8216;the future&#8217;\u00b9 has become a contested terrain. Silicon Valley&#8217;s tech elites and influential institutions often hold the reins. Their narrow visions, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2018\/mar\/11\/elon-musk-colonise-mars-third-world-war\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">whether apocalyptic or utopian<\/a>, set the agenda and frame our <a href=\"https:\/\/cultureunbound.ep.liu.se\/article\/view\/123\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">collective imaginations of what&#8217;s to come<\/a>. Yet, such projections, while widespread, rarely take into account diverse perspectives. Against this backdrop, the call for a critical reassessment of our relationship with the future grows louder. There is a pressing need for inclusivity in our collective imagination, aiming to ensure more <a href=\"https:\/\/openresearch.ocadu.ca\/id\/eprint\/2129\/1\/Bisht_Pupul_2017_MDES_SFI_MRP.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">democratic and reflective<\/a> participation in its construction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" data-id=\"100660\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/technological-utopian-city-in-2040-Silicon-Valley-futuristic-style-unreal-engine-frontal-perspective-model-111.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-100660\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/technological-utopian-city-in-2040-Silicon-Valley-futuristic-style-unreal-engine-frontal-perspective-model-111.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/technological-utopian-city-in-2040-Silicon-Valley-futuristic-style-unreal-engine-frontal-perspective-model-111-60x60.png 60w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/technological-utopian-city-in-2040-Silicon-Valley-futuristic-style-unreal-engine-frontal-perspective-model-111-180x180.png 180w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/technological-utopian-city-in-2040-Silicon-Valley-futuristic-style-unreal-engine-frontal-perspective-model-111-579x579.png 579w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/technological-utopian-city-in-2040-Silicon-Valley-futuristic-style-unreal-engine-frontal-perspective-model-111-50x50.png 50w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/technological-utopian-city-in-2040-Silicon-Valley-futuristic-style-unreal-engine-frontal-perspective-model-111-360x360.png 360w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/technological-utopian-city-in-2040-Silicon-Valley-futuristic-style-unreal-engine-frontal-perspective-model-111-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"100662\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/technological-utopian-city-in-2040-silicon-valley-futuristic-style-unreal-engine-frontal-perspective1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-100662\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/technological-utopian-city-in-2040-silicon-valley-futuristic-style-unreal-engine-frontal-perspective1.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/technological-utopian-city-in-2040-silicon-valley-futuristic-style-unreal-engine-frontal-perspective1-800x800.png 800w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/technological-utopian-city-in-2040-silicon-valley-futuristic-style-unreal-engine-frontal-perspective1-60x60.png 60w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/technological-utopian-city-in-2040-silicon-valley-futuristic-style-unreal-engine-frontal-perspective1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/technological-utopian-city-in-2040-silicon-valley-futuristic-style-unreal-engine-frontal-perspective1-180x180.png 180w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/technological-utopian-city-in-2040-silicon-valley-futuristic-style-unreal-engine-frontal-perspective1-579x579.png 579w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/technological-utopian-city-in-2040-silicon-valley-futuristic-style-unreal-engine-frontal-perspective1-50x50.png 50w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/technological-utopian-city-in-2040-silicon-valley-futuristic-style-unreal-engine-frontal-perspective1-360x360.png 360w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/technological-utopian-city-in-2040-silicon-valley-futuristic-style-unreal-engine-frontal-perspective1-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption wp-element-caption\">Credit: \u201cUsed Futures\/Futuristic Visions for 2040\u201d: Generic visualizations generated by the author using Stable Diffusion AI<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Beyond Prediction: Futures Literacy and Critical Futures Studies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In navigating the complex terrain between apocalyptic and utopian visions that permeate our cultural landscape one might wonder: in what other ways can the future be imagined today?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Futures studies is concerned with this question, seeking to discover not only what <a href=\"https:\/\/ams-forschungsnetzwerk.at\/downloadpub\/IZT_AB23.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">futures are possible, desirable or probable<\/a>, but also how they are currently imagined and how they might be reshaped. As Kreibich outlines, this academic field explores a spectrum of futures, while critical futures studies deconstructs and reconstructs <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-78564-4_3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8216;present futures&#8217;<\/a> \u2013 the ways in which the <a href=\"https:\/\/jfsdigital.org\/2022-2\/vol-27-no-1-september-2022\/playing-with-metaphors-connecting-experiential-futures-and-critical-futures-studies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">future is imagined in the present<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unsurprisingly, the images of the future we hold today reveal less about future events than about the present: desires, interests, needs and visions of contemporary society that are reflected in these future projections. This reflection on &#8216;present futures&#8217; invites us to <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3384\/cu.2000.1525.1790615\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">confront the limitations and assumptions<\/a> within public discourse, challenging us to envision a broader array of possible futures. By considering futures as \u2018critical\u2019 we acknowledge the role of worldmaking in the face of multiple planetary crises as a matter of urgency and risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As Azoulay (2018) reminds us, &#8220;There can be no assurances that the choices we make today will create a better tomorrow \u2014 but we can become better able to harness our imagination to grasp the potential of the present and craft ways to act that are consistent with our values\u201d. This conviction is at the center of the concept of \u2018Futures Literacy,\u2019 which was\u00a0developed by Riel Miller and institutionalized through his work at Head of Foresight and Futures Literacy at UNESCO.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Futures literacy is the ability to <a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000264644\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8216;use the future&#8217;<\/a> in multiple ways, which marks it as a critical competence. It encompasses the ability to engage with the future, not just as a speculative or predictive exercise.&nbsp; Rather, it involves the utilisation of our understanding of potential futures to inform present actions. This makes it a vital skill for navigating the complexities of the contemporary world and <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejed.12529\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">democratising the creation of imagined futures<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u2192 Video: <\/em>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=q-Fmd21Jopo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=q-Fmd21Jopo<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"lyte-wrapper\" style=\"width:420px;max-width:100%;margin:5px auto;\"><div class=\"lyMe\" id=\"WYL_q-Fmd21Jopo\"><div id=\"lyte_q-Fmd21Jopo\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2Fq-Fmd21Jopo%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" class=\"pL\"><div class=\"tC\"><div class=\"tT\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"play\"><\/div><div class=\"ctrl\"><div class=\"Lctrl\"><\/div><div class=\"Rctrl\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><noscript><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/q-Fmd21Jopo\" rel=\"nofollow\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2Fq-Fmd21Jopo%2F0.jpg\" alt=\"YouTube video thumbnail\" width=\"420\" height=\"216\" \/><br \/>Watch this video on YouTube<\/a><\/noscript><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lL\" style=\"max-width:100%;width:420px;margin:5px auto;\"><\/div><figcaption>Credit: Loes Damhof on Futures Literacy as part of the Kick off Workshop \u2018Making Sense of the Future\u2019 at Alexander von Humboldt Institut f\u00fcr Internet und Gesellschaft, 4.11.2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exploring alternative Futures and crafting desirable Futures \u2013 a toolkit<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>\u201cThe future is not out there. It is here and now, and it shapes our present as well as our imagination\u201d (Miller and Tuomi 2022).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By engaging with futures thinking in ways that are both imaginative and grounded in scientific enquiry, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/making-sense-of-the-future\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">toolkit \u2018Making Sense of the Future\u2019 <\/a>sets out to challenge the binary of utopian versus dystopian futures. On the contrary, it is intended to help question existing future visions and allow for the articulation of alternative, preferable futures. Yet, the creation of alternative futures requires more than just wishful thinking: to practise imagining futures that are more inclusive, sustainable and reflective of diverse perspectives and realities, the open educational resource combines and adapts creative exploration, critical analysis, as well as methods from futures studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Based on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S001632879800086X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sohail Inayatullah&#8217;s Causal Layered Analysis<\/a>, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/transform-future-language_ENG.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u2018Transform Future Language\u2019 <\/a>exercise encourages participants to dissect metaphors and narratives, revealing the linguistic underpinnings that shape our visions of the digital future. This deep dive into language and <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.futures.2016.04.004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">metaphor illuminates hidden assumptions<\/a> and encourages the creation of new metaphors and visions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The interactive exercise \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/answer-by-moving_ENG.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Answer by moving\u2019<\/a>, adapted from <a href=\"https:\/\/jfsdigital.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/01ThePolakGame.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Stuart Candy\u2019s und Peter Hayward&#8217;s &#8220;Polak Game&#8221;<\/a> serves as a tool for externalising participants&#8217; deeply held beliefs about the future. This exercise is not just about reflecting on personal visions; it invites participants to share and engage with the diverse futures of others, bringing to light the emotional and often unspoken values that shape our views of what lies ahead. The toolkit encourages imaginative and diverse technological and societal pathways by guiding participants to question assumptions, envision future scenarios, and develop digital futures using emancipatory methodologies such as Robert Jungk&#8217;s Future Workshop (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/criticise-your-utopia_ENG.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u2018Criticize your Utopia\u2019<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/en\/making-sense-of-the-future\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u2018Making Sense of the Future\u2019<\/a> is designed with varying complexity levels and combines two focal points: improving futures literacy and exploring digital futures. Futures literacy is essential in reducing sense-making crises by d guiding towards the creation of preferred futures. The different exercises aim to enhance our imagination and, importantly, inspire critical thinking about dominant visions of the future while considering emancipatory, intersectional, sustainable and just digital futures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/image_50402049-1200x900.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-100667\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/image_50402049-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/image_50402049-800x600.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/image_50402049-60x45.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/image_50402049-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/image_50402049-180x135.jpg 180w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/image_50402049-772x579.jpg 772w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/image_50402049-50x38.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/image_50402049-480x360.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/image_50402049-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/image_50402049-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/image_50402049-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.hiig.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/image_50402049-1320x990.jpg 1320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Credit: \u2018Making Sense of the Future Workshop\u2019&nbsp; at Federal Congress for Political Education \u201eGegenwartsdeutungen \u2013 Zukunftserz\u00e4hlungen: Politische Bildung in Zeiten gesellschaftlicher Umbr\u00fcche\u201c, Weimar, 3.11.2023.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Democratisation of Futures&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A critical examination of power and narratives is essential in times of fake news and polycrises. It is crucial that we democratise the shaping of the future in such a way that a multiplicity of voices and decision-makers can actively participate in shaping futures. This strengthens our ability to master the challenges of the present and to face an uncertain future creatively and confidently. This approach to the future of digitalisation stands in contrast to a deterministic and technocratic ethos<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3384\/cu.2000.1525.1790615\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> that would prefer to leave the shaping of the future to the experts<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00b9 Viewing &#8216;the future&#8217; as singular limits perspective; recognizing there are multiple possible futures fosters the creation of <a href=\"https:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/product\/the-future-a-very-short-introduction-9780198735281?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">alternatives to the prevailing status quo<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Azoulay, A. (2018) Foreword. In: Miller, R. (Ed.) Transforming the Future: Anticipation in the 21st Century. Routledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bisht, P. (2017). Decolonizing futures: Exploring storytelling as a tool for inclusion in foresight. Master\u2019s Thesis, OCAD University. Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/openresearch.ocadu.ca\/id\/eprint\/2129\/1\/Bisht_Pupul_2017_MDES_SFI_MRP.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/openresearch.ocadu.ca\/id\/eprint\/2129\/1\/Bisht_Pupul_2017_MDES_SFI_MRP.pdf<\/a> [Accessed 23 February 2024].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Candy, S. &amp; Hayward, P. (2017) The Polak Game, Or: Where Do You Stand? Journal of Futures Studies, <a href=\"https:\/\/jfsdigital.org\/articles-andessays\/2017-2\/the-polak-game-or-where-do-you-stand\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/jfsdigital.org\/articles-andessays\/2017-2\/the-polak-game-or-where-do-you-stand<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fischer, N. &amp; Marquardt, K. (2022). Playing with Metaphors. Connecting Experiential Futures and Critical Futures Studies.<em> <\/em>Journal of Futures Studies. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/jfsdigital.org\/2022-2\/vol-27-no-1-september-2022\/playing-with-metaphors-connecting-experiential-futures-and-critical-futures-studies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/jfsdigital.org\/2022-2\/vol-27-no-1-september-2022\/playing-with-metaphors-connecting-experiential-futures-and-critical-futures-studies\/<\/a> [Accessed 22 February 2024].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gidley, J. (2017) The Future: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>G\u00fcm\u00fcsay, A. &amp; Reinecke, J. (2021) Researching for Desirable Futures: From Real Utopias to Imagining Alternatives. Journal of Management Studies. Available at: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdfdirect\/10.1111\/joms.12709 [Accessed 28 February 2024].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Goode, L. &amp; Godhe, M. (2017). Beyond Capitalist Realism \u2013 Why We Need Critical Future Studies. <em>Culture Unbound<\/em>, <em>9<\/em>(1), 108\u2013129.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3384\/cu.2000.1525.1790615\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3384\/cu.2000.1525.1790615<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Grunwald, A. (2009) &#8216;Wovon ist die Zukunftsforschung eine Wissenschaft?&#8217; in Popp, R. and Sch\u00fcll, E. (eds.) Zukunftsforschung und Zukunftsgestaltung. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 25\u2013 35. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-78564-4_3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Inayatullah, S. (1998) &#8216;Poststructuralism as method&#8217;, Futures, 30(8), pp. 815\u2013829. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S001632879800086X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S001632879800086X<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Inayatullah, S. (2008). Six pillars: futures thinking for transforming. Foresight, 10(1), 4\u201321. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/14636680810855991\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/14636680810855991<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Inayatullah, S., Izgarjan, A., Kuusi, O., &amp; Minkkinen, M. (2016). Metaphors in futures research. <em>Futures<\/em>, <em>84<\/em>, 109\u2013114.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.futures.2016.04.004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.futures.2016.04.004<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kreibich, R. (2006). Zukunftsforschung ArbeitsBericht Nr. 23\/2006. Berlin: Institut f\u00fcr Zukunftsstudien und Technologiebewertung. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/ams-forschungsnetzwerk.at\/downloadpub\/IZT_AB23.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/ams-forschungsnetzwerk.at\/downloadpub\/IZT_AB23.pdf<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Miller, R. (2018) Transforming the Future: Anticipation in the 21st Century. Routledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Miller, R. &amp; Tuomi, I. (2022) Making the futures of AI in education: Why and how imagining the future matters. <em>European Journal of Education<\/em>, <em>57<\/em>(4), 537\u2013541.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejed.12529\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejed.12529<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Morozov, E. (2013). To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism. New York: Public Affairs.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mosco, V. (2004). The Digital Sublime: Myth, Power, and Cyberspace, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sample, I. (2018) &#8216;Elon Musk: we must colonise Mars to preserve our species in a third world war&#8217;. <em>The Guardian<\/em>. 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