Skip to content
photo-1504257365157-1496a50d48f2

Innovation, Entrepreneurship & Society

Digital technologies are fundamentally changing our economy and society. They are upending many traditional ways of doing business and at the same time opening up new economic and societal opportunities. Researchers in our group conceptualise and theorise these transformations while also delivering practical and applied knowledge in innovative formats for practitioners and policy makers.

The HIIG Innovation, Entrepreneurship & Society Group (IES) embraces these diverse developments. Our aim is to understand, inform and co-create innovation and entrepreneurship in a rapidly changing, globally interconnected digital economy and society.

IES was founded based on three years of action research within HIIG’s Startup Clinics, followed by several sector-specific research projects on topics such as digital transformation, artificial intelligence, digital platforms and the future of work. Our current work builds on this legacy, focusing on four research areas, through which we investigate the mechanisms and enablers of digital innovation and entrepreneurship at different analytical levels:

Digital Technologies & Value Creation

How do organisations create economic and social value using digital technologies and artificial intelligence? How can innovative formats and methods be used to transfer knowledge successfully between research and business?

Collaboration & Openness

What opportunities and challenges are arising from open source and open innovation? How can startups effectively collaborate with communities and established companies?

Platforms & Ecosystems

How are new paradigms of the digital economy, such as platform capitalism and the sharing economy, impacting traditional economic actors, structures and business models? What are the risks, opportunities, and alternatives?

Digital Social Innovation & Entrepreneurship

How does digitisation influence social innovation and social entrepreneurship? How do organisations tackle grand societal challenges – especially in times of crisis? 

Research approach

In line with HIIG’s mission, we aim to pioneer interdisciplinary research and promote unconventional approaches in the area of innovation, entrepreneurship and society. We conduct theoretically grounded research and seek to co-create societal and economic value together with businesses, policymakers and the public. To achieve this, we develop novel research approaches and use new technologies and methodologies. Our work is participatory and collaborative, ensuring that joint learning and knowledge transfer happen continuously and consistently. This approach helps us keep up with the novelty, complexity and dynamism of the digital economy.

For more information, read our brochure.

Contact

Ali Aslan Gümüsay, Dr.

Head of Research Group: Innovation, Entrepreneurship & Society

Recent Blog Posts

Further research programmes

  • Media and data

    People Analytics

    We explore how organizations and users employ people analytics applications. These applications analyze a variety of data such as usage data from digital information...
  • Entrepreneurship and innovation

    Digital Social Innovation & Entrepreneurship

    In the “Digital Social Innovation & Entrepreneurship” research project, we investigate entrepreneurial organisations that primarily focus on society – often called social enterprises. We...
  • Entrepreneurship and innovation

    Data Cooperation Platforms for SMEs

    Large digital platforms from the USA and China have dominated digital markets across industries and countries. They quickly became the most valuable companies in...
  • Entrepreneurship and innovation · Media and data

    Platform Alternatives

    How can Europe’s digital platform economy be governed to achieve fairer results for all stakeholders? The Platform Alternatives project analyses the structural effects of...
  • Wissensarbeit | HIIG
    Entrepreneurship and innovation · Society and culture

    Artificial Intelligence & Knowledge Work – Implications, Opportunities And Risks

    The research project focuses on the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications in the intraorganizational workplace of knowledge workers. The project investigates with which...
  • Dewmystifying AI
    Entrepreneurship and innovation · Society and culture

    Demystifying AI in entrepreneurship

    Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to sustainably change how value is created in all sectors. In order to tab into this potential for...
  • Task Force Plattformökonomie
    Entrepreneurship and innovation

    Task Force: European Platform Economy

    The “Task Force European Platform Economy” is a group of HIIG researchers who study the implications of global platformisation for European actors and institutions....
  • Entrepreneurship and innovation · Society and culture

    Competing and complementing – The relation of Co-determination and new participatory platforms within companies

    In our project “Competing and complementing – The relation of co-determination and new participatory platforms within companies” we do research on workers participation on...
  • Entrepreneurship and innovation · Science and education

    Open!

    OPEN!NEXT – Open and community-based innovation processes Recent socio-technological evolutions in Europe and around the globe show: product innovation is not the exclusive remit...

Completed research projects

  • Learn Match Partner | HIIG
    Entrepreneurship and innovation

    Learn. Match. Partner.

    Digitization trends present different challenges for each business area. There is no single, universal model solution for all companies. Established companies usually know about...
  • Digitale Innovation im Mittelstand
    Entrepreneurship and innovation · Society and culture

    Digital Innovation in German mid-sized businesses

    Digitalisation brings new opportunities and growth potential, especially for the German Mittelstand. What kind of activities and strategies are pursued when it comes to...
  • Entrepreneurship and innovation · Society and culture

    How to collaborate with startups?

    Joint innovation projects by corporates and startups are being supported by ongoing digitalisation. These collaborative approaches consist of different engagement models such as startup...
  • Gemeinsam digital
    Entrepreneurship and innovation · Society and culture

    Gemeinsam Digital

    _Gemeinsam digital, the Mittelstand 4.0-Kompetenzzentrum Berlin, is a central contact point for all companies in Berlin and nationwide that have questions about digitization. Our...
  • Entrepreneurship and innovation · Society and culture

    User innovation in smart energy technologies

    Interconnected, intelligent energy systems are a highly discussed issue. Such systems are used by customers to control and measure their energy us-age.
  • dwerft
    Entrepreneurship and innovation · Media and data

    »dwerft«

    In March 2014, a three-year research project on new technologies for digital moving images will start in Babelsberg: the »dwerft«.
  • Innovation Entrepreneurship
    Entrepreneurship and innovation

    Entrepreneurship Research Lab

    Our Innovation and Entrepreneurship team is a transdisciplinary group of researchers at the Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet & Society (HIIG).

 

Books

Richter, N., Jackson, P., Schildhauer, T. (Eds.) (2018). Entrepreneurial Innovation and Leadership. Preparing for a Digital Future. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave McMillan. Publication details

Journal articles and conference proceedings

Gümüşay, A.A., Smets, M., & Morris, T. (2020). ‘God at Work’: Engaging Central and Incompatible Institutional Logics through Elastic Hybridity. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 63(1), 124 - 154. DOI: 10.5465/amj.2016.0481 Publication details

Grafenstein, M. v., Jain, A., Thorne, M., Rogers, J. et al. (2019). Our Friends Electric – Reflections on Advocacy and Design Research for the Voice Enabled Internet. ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. DOI: 10.1145/3290605.3300344 Publication details

Friederici, N. (2018). Delineating African Innovation Hubs from Business Incubators: A Process Perspective. Research Paper submitted to 4th Biennial Conference of the Africa Academy of Management, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 3rd - 6th January 2018. Publication details

Gümüşay, Ali Aslan; Bohné, Thomas (2018). Individual and organizational inhibitors to the development of entrepreneurial competencies in universities. Research Policy, 47(2), 363 - 378. DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2017.11.008 Publication details

Gümüşay, Ali Aslan (2018). Commentary: Sharing is caring: From material to socio-material sharing. Academy of Management Discoveries, 4(3), 376 - 377. DOI: 10.5465/amd.2018.0083 Publication details

Jackson, P., Dobson, P., & Richter, N. (2017). The situational logic of entrepreneurship: a realist approach to national policy. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 1-24. Publication details

Gümüşay, Ali Aslan (2017). Unpacking entrepreneurial opportunities – an institutional logics perspective. Innovation: Organization & Management, 20(3), 209 - 222. DOI: 10.1080/14479338.2017.1404430 Publication details

Dopfer, M., Grafenstein v., M., Richter, N., Schildhauer, T., Tech, R., Trifonov, S., & Wrobel, M. (2015). Fördernde und Hindernde Faktoren Für Internet-Enabled Startups (Supporting and Hindering Factors for Internet-Enabled Startups). HIIG Discussion Paper Series, 2015(06). Publication details

Book contributions and chapters

Grafenstein, M. v. (2019). Co-Regulation and the Competitive Advantage in the GDPR: Data protection certification mechanisms, codes of conduct and the “state of the art” of data protection-by-design. In González-Fuster, G., van Brakel, R., & P. De Hert, Research Handbook on Privacy and Data Protection Law. Values, Norms and Global Politics, Edward Elgar Publishing, 1st Ed.. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Publication details

Richter, N., Volquartz, L., Schildhauer, T., Neumann, K. (2018). What Drives Internet Startups in Berlin? A Qualitative Analysis of the Facilitating and Inhibiting Factors. In N. Richter, Jackson, P., T. Schildhauer (Eds.), Entrepreneurial Innovation and Leadership. Preparing for a Digital Future. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave McMillan. Publication details

Richter, N., Schildhauer, T. (2018). Startup Clinics: Applied Research and “First Aid” for Early Stage Startups. In P. Jackson, N. Richter, T. Schildhauer (Eds.), Entrepreneurial Innovation and Leadership. Preparing for a Digital Future. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave McMillan. Publication details

Wrobel, M. (2018). Do You Have What It Takes to Become an Internet Entrepreneur? The Key Competencies of Successful Founders. In P. Jackson, N. Richter, T. Schildhauer (Eds.), Entrepreneurial Innovation and Leadership. Preparing for a Digital Future. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave McMillan. Publication details

Dopfer, M. (2018). Why Business Model Innovation Matters to Startups. In P. Jackson, N. Richter, T. Schildhauer (Eds.), Entrepreneurial Innovation and Leadership. Preparing for a Digital Future. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave McMillan. Publication details

Jackson, P., Richter, N., Schildhauer T. (2018). How Established Firms can Profit from Working with Startups. In P. Jackson, N. Richter, T. Schildhauer (Eds.), Entrepreneurial Innovation and Leadership. Preparing for a Digital Future. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave McMillan. Publication details

Jackson, P., Richter, N., Schildhauer T. (2018). Meeting the Innovation Challenge: Agile Processes for Established Organisations. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave McMillan. Publication details

Meier, P. (2018). Digitale Plattformen als Innovationstreiber. In P. Plugmann (Ed.), Innovationsumgebungen gestalten. Impulse für Start-ups und etablierte Unternehmen im globalen Wettbewerb (pp. 207-217). Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler. Publication details

Friederici, N. (2018). Innovation Hubs in Africa: Assemblers of Technology Entrepreneurs. In M. Tynnhammar (Ed.), New Waves in Innovation Management Research (ISPIM Insights) (pp. 435-454). Delaware, USA: Vernon Press. Publication details

Schildhauer, T., & Flum, T., & Voss, H. (2018). „Weiterbildung 4.0“ für die Wirtschaft 4.0. In C., Bär, T., Grädler, R. Mayr (Eds.), Digitalisierung im Spannungsfeld von Politik, Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Recht (pp. 283-298). Berlin: Springer Gabler. Publication details

Jackson, P., Richter, N., Schildhauer T. (2017). Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Startups: The Case of Germany and the USA. In P. Jackson, N. Richter, T. Schildhauer (Eds.), Entrepreneurial Innovation and Leadership. Preparing for a Digital Future. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave McMillan. Publication details

Sauer, R., Dopfer, M., Schmeiss, J., & Gassmann, O. (2016). Geschäftsmodell als Gral der Digitalisierung. In O. Gassmann & P. Sutter, Digitale Transformation im Unternehmen gestalten (pp. 15-26). München, Deutschland: Hanser Verlag. Publication details

Working paper

Friederici, N., & Graham, M. (2018). The Bounded Opportunities of Digital Enterprises in Global Economic Peripheries. Friederici, N., & Graham, M.. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3249499 Publication details

Other publications

Schmeiss, J., & Friederici, N. (2019). How much magic lies behind German AI production? Digital Society Blog. Publication details

Ogolla, S. (2018). Employee Empowerment or workers’ control? The use case of Enterprise Social Networks. Connected Life Conference. Publication details

Richter, T., & Große, M. (2018). Mehr Energie für die Energie. Publication details

Olk, C. (2018). Die Zukunft der Arbeit? An der Zukunft arbeiten!. Publication details

Wrobel, M., Schildhauer, T., & Preiß, K. (2017). Kooperationen zwischen Startups und Mittelstand. Learn. Match. Partner. Eine Studie des Alexander von Humboldt Instituts für Internet und Gesellschaft. Publication details

Ogolla, S. (2017). Artificial Intelligence at a Crossroads. Publication details

Große, M. (2015). Autarkie und der große Plan – die Energiewende und kleine, konkrete Lösungen. Publication details

 

Lectures and presentations

People Analytics am Arbeitsplatz: Every Break You Take, Every Click You Make
People Analytics am Arbeitsplatz: Every Break You Take, Every Click You Make. re:publica 21, Online, Berlin, Germany: 22.05.2021 Further information

Sonja Köhne

Künstliche Intelligenz – Potenziale, Grenzen und betriebliche Mitbestimmung
KI-Tag der Technologieberatungsstelle DGB NRW (TBS NRW). TBS NRW, Online, Dortmund, Germany: 20.05.2021

Sonja Köhne

Künstliche Intelligenz in der Personalarbeit: Risiken, Chancen, neue Machtfragen
Vom Wert der Demokratie und demokratischen Werten in Zeiten des Wandels (Session: Künstliche Intelligenz in der Personalarbeit: Risiken, Chancen, neue Machtfragen). Forum Politische Bildung – IG Metall, Frankfurt, Online, Germany: 11.05.2021

Sonja Köhne

Daten-Kooperationsplattformen für den Mittelstand
Digitale Plattformen im Mittelstand – Gemeinsame Wertschöpfung als Chance?. Friedrich Ebert Foundation. Online, Berlin, Germany: 16.02.2021 Further information

Nicolas Friederici

Künstliche Intelligenz und digitale Wertschöpfung
Industrie und Handelskammer zu Berlin. IHK Berlin. IHK Berlin, Online, Berlin: 14.12.2020

Annika Ulich

Varieties of Platform Strategy: An Exploratory Study of European Enterprises
Workshop Regulating work in the platform economy (Session: The effects of the platform economy: business models and value chains). Hertie School. Online, Berlin, Germany: 27.05.2020

Nicolas Friederici

Digital Entrepreneurship in Africa: Last Mile Platforms and Other Localized Business Models
GIZ.Digital Gateway Online Event. GIZ. Online, Bonn, Germany: 27.03.2020

Nicolas Friederici

Economic Geographies of the Digital. Universität Bayreuth. Weizenbaum Institut, Berlin, Deutschland: 24.01.2020

Nicolas Friederici

Was steckt eigentlich hinter dem Begriff „Künstliche Intelligenz"?
Deutsche Wohnen SE:. Deutsche Wohnen SE. Deutsche Wohnen SE, Berlin, Germany: 30.09.2019

Thomas Schildhauer

How can startups collaborate and engage with corporates
Startup Class 2019 (Session: Digitales Lernzentrum from Facebook). Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Recht Berlin. Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Recht Berlin, Berlin, Germany: 20.09.2019 Further information

Thomas Schildhauer

Digital Entrepreneurship in Africa. BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway: 13.09.2019

Nicolas Friederici

An exploration for value capture mechanisms in platform-orchestrated networks
International Conference on Design and Technology. Technion, Haifa, Israel: 18.06.2019 Further information

Philip Meier

Digital Entrepreneurship in Africa: Escaping from Silicon Valley’s Long Shadow
World Bank Finance, Competitiveness & Innovation Global Practice. World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA: 21.05.2019

Nicolas Friederici

Digital Entrepreneurship in Africa: How a Continent Is Escaping from Silicon Valley’s Long Shadow. Quello Center, Michigan State University, Michigan, U.S.A.: 20.05.2019 Further information

Nicolas Friederici

The Platformization of Everything
Presentation. Garwood Center for Corporate Innovation, Haas Business School, University of California, Berkeley, USA: 22.04.2019 Further information

Philip Meier

Colloquium Development Geography (Session: Digital Entrepreneurship in Africa: Escaping from Silicon Valley’s Long Shadow). Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany: 01.02.2019

Nicolas Friederici

Blockchain-enabled value creation between multiple parties: A transaction cost perspective.
World Open Innovation Conference (Session: Digital Transformation). UC Berkeley, Garwood Center for Corporate Innovation. Berkeley Haas, Garwood Center for Corporate Innovation, San Francisco, USA: 13.12.2018 Further information

Jessica Schmeiss, Katharina Hölzle, Robin Tech

Kooperation zwischen Startups und Mittelstand
Mittelstand 4.0-Kompetenzzentrum Regionalkonferenz Berlin. Gemeinsam digital: Mittelstand 4.0-Kompetenzzentrum. Mercure Hotel Berlin Tempelhof, Berlin, Germany: 08.11.2018

Philip Meier

Digital Entrepreneurship in Africa
Management Research Seminar: Lecture on Digital Entrepreneurship in Africa. WU Wien, Vienna, Austria: 06.11.2018 Further information

Friederici, N.

Künstliche Intelligenz und neue Formen der Arbeit
Think Big Camp XXL. Deutsche Kinder- und Jugendstiftung. O2-Tower, Munich, Germany: 19.10.2018 Further information

Shirley Ogolla

Smart Energy in Deutschland – Wie Nutzerinnovationen die Energiewende voranbringen
HEA-Tagung 2018 - Märkte.Partner.Energie (Session: Energie smart nachgefragt). Umweltforum Berlin, Berlin, Germany: 19.09.2018

Matti Große

Determining Datamining - A Marxist perspective
MyData Conference 2018 (Session: Debating Rights and Responsibilities). Open Knowledge Foundation Finland. Kulturittaallo, Helsinki, Finland: 29.08.2018

Christopher Olk

The governance of open business models through blockchain technology
R&D Management Conference 2018 (Session: Digitally-enabled business model innovation). Politecnico di Milano. Politecnico di Milano School of Management, Milan, Italy: 02.07.2018 Further information

Jessica Schmeiss, Robin Tech, Jonas Kahlert

Surviving Social Media In The Workplace: A Kit
re:publica 2018. Station Berlin, Berlin, Germany: 03.05.2018 Further information

Shirley Ogolla

Triggers of collaborative prototyping: A netnographic study of user innovation in open source hardware communities
15th International Open and User Innovation Conference (Session: Communities: User Innovation and Open Source 1). University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria: 12.07.2017

Matti Große

Identification and Classification of User Innovation: Implications for Future Research
15th International Open and User Innovation Conference (Session: Innovation Policy). University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria: 11.07.2017

Jakob J. Korbel, Matti Große

Consequences of digitalization for service innovation theories: conceptual ideas and implications for future research
16th International Schumpeter Society Conference (Session: The Digital Economy). International Schumpeter Society. Hotel Bonaventure, Montéal, Canada: 07.07.2016

Matti Große

Panels

KI und Wissensarbeit – Implikationen, Möglichkeiten und Risiken
Algorithmen, Automatisierung und Arbeit – Wie KI unsere Arbeit und unser Leben besser machen kann. BMAS. Die Denkfabrik des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales, Berlin, Germany: 20.05.2021 Further information

Georg von Richthofen

Entrepreneurship and Faith: A Diversity of Religious Perpectives
L.I.F.E. Research Conference 2021 – 1st Annual Research Conference on Faith and Entrepreneurship. Miami University, L.I.F.E. Research Lab. Online, Miami, USA: 08.04.2021 Further information

Ali Aslan Gümüşay

Brave new world?! Opportunities and challenges for sustainable development in the digital age
Gronen 2020 - All Systems go?! Sustainability in the Digital Age. Group for Research on Organizations and the Natural Environment, Online, Portugal: 17.06.2020 Further information

Ali Aslan Gümüşay

The Effects of Automation on Employment, Wages, and Inequality in Germany. American Academy. American Academy, Berlin, Germany: 09.12.2019 Further information

Thomas Schildhauer

Kampf der Plattform-Giganten – wie sieht der deutsch-europäische Weg aus?
11. Internet Governance Forum Deutschland. Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft & Energie, Berlin, Germany: 11.09.2019 Further information

Nicolas Friederici

Moderation of workshops and panels

Zwischen Autonomie und Überwachung: Kann People Analytics dem Interesse der Arbeitnehmer*innen dienen?
Abschlusskonferenz: Machtfragen der Digitalisierung. Hans-Böckler-Stiftung, Online, Germany: 19.01.2021

Sonja Köhne

Wir denken die Zukunft der Gesundheitswirtschaft im smarten Quartier neu
Bundesverband Digitale Wirtschaft. Bundesverband Digitale Wirtschaft (BVDW), Online, Germany: 05.11.2020

Annika Ulich, Stephan A. Jansen

Organisation of events

Is the future of work online?
British Council 'Knowledge is GREAT' lecture. 29.04.2021. Online, Singapore, Singapore. Co-Organised by: British Council Singapore (International) Further information

Fabian Stephany

Vom Fließband zur KI
Digitaler Salon. 28.04.2021. Online, Berlin, Germany (National) Further information

Georg von Richthofen

Impulsvortrag zum Digital Urban Center for Aging and Health
Rotary Club Hannover-Kröpcke Online-Meeting. 23.04.2021. Online, Hanover, Germany. Co-Organised by: Rotary Club Hannover-Kröpcke (National) Further information

Thomas Schildhauer

Roundtable: Treatment of users and complementors
21.04.2021. Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society, Online, Germany. Co-Organised by: Oxford Internet Institute & European Commission (International)

Asal Dardan, Lea Erlenwein, Lena Starke, Tina Krell

“Commitment versus Compliance: Prioritizing, Compromizing, and the Development of Templates in Situations of Institutional Complexity”
MAN 910 – Area Management Seminar. 17.03.2021. University of Mannheim Business School, Mannheim, Germany (International) Further information

Ali Aslan Gümüsay

Digitale Innovation im Gesundheitssektor
Netzwerkveranstaltung für Mittelstand und Startups. 28.01.2021. Mittelstand-4.0 Kompetenzzentrum Berlin, Online, Germany (National) Further information

Frederik Efferenn, Annika Ulich, Christoph Gerling, Thomas Schildhauer

Keynote
Digitale Innovation im Gesundheitssektor – Netzwerkveranstaltung für Mittelstand und Startups. 28.01.2021. Online, Berlin, Germany. Co-Organised by: Gemeinsam digital (National) Further information

Thomas Schildhauer

Doktorand*innen-Kolloquium IEG
16.07.2020. Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society, Berlin, Germany (National)

Ali Aslan Gümüsay

Policy Co-Creation Workshop
17.06.2020. Online, Berlin, Germany. Co-Organised by: Federal Ministry of Finance (National)

Tina Krell, Nicolas Friederici, Philip Meier

Artificial Intelligence and SMEs
AI Coffee Talks. 10.06.2020. across Mittelstand 4.0 Centres of Excellence, Online, Germany (National)

Klemens Witte, Nils Hungerland

Entrepreneurship and Innovation for the Common Good
Collaborative Open Course for Master Programs in Business Administration, Management and Organisation Studies. 16.04.2020. Organising in Times of Crisis, Online, Austria (International) Further information

Ali Aslan Gümüsay

‘God at Work’: Engaging Central and Incompatible Institutional Logics through Elastic Hybridity
07.01.2020. Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (National) Further information

Ali Aslan Gümüsay

Artificial intelligence consultation hours with small and medium-sized companies
Mittelstand 4.0 Centre of Excellence Berlin. From 19.09.2019 to 21.04.2021. Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society, Berlin, Germany (National) Further information

Klemens Witte, Nils Hungerland

Nominations

IGP Jury des BMWi.

Ali Aslan Gümüsay

Member of the Advisory Board: BMBF project Africa digital in cooperation with technopolis group and konnektiv.

Nicolas Friederici

Member of DFG Network Digital Strategizing.

Ali Aslan Gümüşay

Principal Investigator: DFG Network “Grand Challenges & New Forms of Organizing”.

Ali Aslan Gümüsay

Jury member: Diamond Star (Handelsblatt-Tagung).

Thomas Schildhauer